Make Symbols with Key Board

Worth Sharing Keyboard Shortcuts (Microsoft Windows) and Add more in comments if we have missed out any ..

1. CTRL+C (Copy)
2. CTRL+X (Cut)
3. CTRL+V (Paste)...
4. CTRL+Z (Undo)
5. DELETE (Delete)
6. SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
7. CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
8. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
9. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
10. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
11. CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
12. CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
13. CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
14. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
15. CTRL+A (Select all)
16. F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
17. ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
18. ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
19. ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
20. ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
21. CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents opensimultaneously)
22. ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
23. ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
24. F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
25. F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
26. SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
27. ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
28. CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
29. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the corresponding command)
30. F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
31. RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
32. LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
33. F5 key (Update the active window)
34. BACKSPACE (View the folder onelevel up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
35. ESC (Cancel the current task)
36. SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROMinto the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing)
Dialog Box - Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
2. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
3. TAB (Move forward through the options)
4. SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
5. ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
6. ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
7. SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
8. Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
9. F1 key (Display Help)
10. F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
11. BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts
1. Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
2. Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
3. Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
4. Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
5. Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restorethe minimized windows)
6. Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
7. Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
8. CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
9. Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
10. Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
11. Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
12. Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)
13. Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts
14. Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
15. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
16. Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
17. SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
18. NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
19. Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
20. Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
21. END (Display the bottom of the active window)
22. HOME (Display the top of the active window)
23. NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign (*) (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
24. NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)

MMC Console keyboard shortcuts

1. SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
2. F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
3. F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
4. CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
5. CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
6. ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for theselected item)
7. F2 key (Rename the selected item)
8. CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
1. CTRL+ALT+END (Open the Microsoft Windows NT Security dialog box)
2. ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
3. ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
4. ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
5. ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
6. CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
7. ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
8. CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)
9. CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place asnapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboardand provide the same functionality aspressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Microsoft Internet Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
1. CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
2. CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
3. CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
4. CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
5. CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
6. CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
7. CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
8. CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box,the same as CTRL+L)
9. CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
10. CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
11. CTRL+W (Close the current window)

USMC Junglist PC Tips.

USMC Junglist PC Tips.

Free Registry Cleaner, You Can Trust

CCleaner

Optimization and Cleaning

What Is a Registry Cleaner?

If you own a Windows PC, you'll be used to performing some basic maintenance tasks to keep it running smoothly and prevent problems with applications or files. Most of us regularly update our virus definitions, empty the Recycle Bin and so on.
When it comes to PC maintenance, a Registry Cleaner should also be part of your toolkit. Its purpose is to keep your Windows Registry tidy, efficient and help applications to run without a hitch.

But What's the Registry?

Think of the Registry as a database. On every Windows PC, the Registry stores preferences and settings for applications and the Windows operating system itself.
Windows does a good job of keeping the registry up-to-date, but doesn't tidy up after itself very well. Over time, as you install and uninstall applications, the registry can become littered with old entries. These can cause error messages and slow the computer down. If you want ensure that your PC functions correctly, and remains fast, you'll need to clean it up.

Malware

Malicious applications (malware) can also cause Registry problems. Even when the software has been removed, the remnants of that application may remain - causing error messages and slow downs. Cleaning the Registry can help to remove all this left over data.

Identity Theft

Many applications save data in the Registry, this may include personal information, such as your email address or passwords. After removing the application, some of this data may remain - creating a security risk! Cleaning the Registry will remove this left over personal data and help prevent data theft should someone get access to your computer.

Can I edit the Registry myself?

Technically, you can edit the Windows Registry 'by hand'. But there are two key reasons not to:

• It's really easy to change the wrong setting
• If you make a mistake, the consequences might be quite severe. (For example, your PC might refuse to start)

That's why Registry Cleaners exist - To do the job for you!

Benefits of Registry Cleaner Software

Once your Registry has been cleaned up, you will likely notice a performance boost and any error messages you saw whilst using your computer previously will be gone.
The Registry Cleaner will remove entries for non-existent applications, and it'll also fix invalid or corrupted entries. You'll probably find your computer starts much more quickly too!

CCleaner as a Registry Cleaner

The great news is that CCleaner contains one of the most used and respected Registry Cleaners on the market today. We encourage you to download and try it out, we know you'll like the results!

Download CCleaner

Want to clean and optimize your PC? You've probably heard of CCleaner, arguably the world's most popular tool for doing the job. It clears out temporary files, cleans the Windows Registry, erases browser histories, and so on. The big news in CCleaner 3.0 is a native 64-bit version for use with like editions of Windows.

CCleaner 3.0 also sports new icons, various interface improvements, better support for Google Chrome and Internet Explorer 9, and newly added support for programs such as AVG AntiVirus 10.0, Audacity, LogMeIn Hamachi, BitTorrent, and Windows Game Explorer.
I particularly like the way CCleaner intelligently scans for cookies you'd want to keep, like those for Google and Yahoo.

In short, CCleaner is the ultimate system-cleaning tool just got better. It's still free, thankfully, though you can purchase a priority-support license for $25. Developer Piriform is also known for Defraggler and Recuva.
As with any tool of this kind, I strongly recommend making a full system backup and creating a new system-restore point before using it. Better safe than sorry!

Note: CCleaner includes the option to install Google Chrome and make it your default browser. You will have to uncheck two checkboxes if you don't want this to happen. This program is donationware. It is free to try, but the author accepts and encourages donations towards further development.

Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A (Virus Removal Guide)

PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A is a specific detection used by Malwarebytes Anti-Malware and other antivirus products to indicate and detect a Potentially Unwanted Program.
A potentially unwanted application is a program that contains adware, installs toolbars or has other unclear objectives.

PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A it’s technically not a virus, but it does exhibit plenty of malicious traits, such as rootkit capabilities to hook deep into the operating system, browser hijacking, and in general just interfering with the user experience. The industry generally refers to it as a “PUP,” or potentially unwanted program.
The PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A infection is used to boost advertising revenue, as in the use of blackhat SEO, to inflate a site’s page ranking in search results.
PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A got on your computer after you have installed a freeware software (video recording/streaming, download-managers or PDF creators) that had bundled into their installation this browser hijacker. This Potentially Unwanted Propgram is also bundled within the custom installer on many download sites (examples: CNET, Brothersoft or Softonic), so if you have downloaded a software from these websites, chances are that PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A was installed during the software setup process.
PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A is an ad-supported (users may see additional banner, search, pop-up, pop-under, interstitial and in-text link advertisements) cross web browser plugin for Internet Explorer (BHO) and Firefox/Chrome (plugin) and distributed through various monetization platforms during installation. The browser extension includes various features that will modify the default or custom settings of the browser including the home page, search settings and in some cases will modify Internet Explorer’s load time threshold, place a lock file within Firefox to prevent competing software from changing its settings as well as disable the browser’s Content Security Policy in order to allow for cross site scripting of the plugin.
You should always pay attention when installing software because often, a software installer includes optional installs, such as this PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A browser hijacker. Be very careful what you agree to install.
Always opt for the custom installation and deselect anything that is not familiar, especially optional software that you never wanted to download and install in the first place. It goes without saying that you should not install software that you don’t trust.

How to remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A (Virus Removal Guide)

This page is a comprehensive guide, which will remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A from Internet Explorer, Firefox and Google Chrome.
Please perform all the steps in the correct order. If you have any questions or doubt at any point, STOP and ask for our assistance.
STEP 1: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A adware with AdwCleaner
STEP 2: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A browser hijacker with Junkware Removal Tool
STEP 3: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A virus with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free
STEP 4: Double-check for the PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A infection with HitmanPro

STEP 1: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A adware with AdwCleaner

The AdwCleaner utility will scan your computer for PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A malicious files and registry keys, that may have been installed on your computer without your knowledge.

1. You can download AdwCleaner utility from the below link.
   ADWCLEANER DOWNLOAD LINK (This link will automatically download AdwCleaner on your computer)
2. Before starting AdwCleaner, close all open programs and internet browsers, then double-click on the AdwCleaner icon.
   
   If Windows prompts you as to whether or not you wish to run AdwCleaner, please allow it to run.
3. When the AdwCleaner program will open, click on the Scan button as shown below.
   
   AdwCleaner will now start to search for PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A malicious files that may be installed on your computer.
4. To remove the PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A malicious files that were detected in the previous step, please click on the Clean button.
   
   AdwCleaner will now prompt you to save any open files or data as the program will need to reboot the computer. Please do so and then click on the OK button.

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STEP 2: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A browser hijack with Junkware Removal Tool

Junkware Removal Tool is a powerful utility, which will remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A virus from Internet Explorer, Firefox or Google Chrome.

1. You can download the Junkware Removal Tool utility from the below link:
   JUNKWARE REMOVAL TOOL DOWNLOAD LINK (This link will automatically download the Junkware Removal Tool utility on your computer)
2. Once Junkware Removal Tool has finished downloading, please double-click on the JRT.exe icon as seen below.
   
   If Windows prompts you as to whether or not you wish to run Junkware Removal Tool, please allow it to run.
3. Junkware Removal Tool will now start, and at the Command Prompt, you’ll need to press any key to perform a scan for the PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A.
   
   Please be patient as this can take a while to complete (up to 10 minutes) depending on your system’s specifications.
4. When the scan Junkware Removal Tool will be completed, this utility will display a log with the malicious files and registry keys that were removed from your computer.
   

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STEP 3: Remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A virus with Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free

Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free utilizes Malwarebytes powerful technology to detect and remove all traces of malware including worms, trojans, rootkits, rogues, dialers, spyware and more.

1. You can download Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free from the below link, then double-click on the icon named mbam-setup.exe to install this program.
   MALWAREBYTES ANTI-MALWARE DOWNLOAD LINK(This link will open a download page in a new window from where you can download Malwarebytes Anti-Malware Free)
2. When the installation begins, keep following the prompts in order to continue with the setup process, then at the last screen click on the Finish button.
   
3. On the Scanner tab, select Perform quick scan, and then click on the Scan button to start searching for the PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A malicious files.
   
4. Malwarebytes’ Anti-Malware will now start scanning your computer for PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A as shown below.
   
5. When the Malwarebytes Anti-Malware scan has finished, click on the Show Results button.
   
6. You will now be presented with a screen showing you the computer infections that Malwarebytes Anti-Malware has detected. Make sure that everything is Checked (ticked), then click on the Remove Selected button.
   

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STEP 4: Double-check for the PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A infection with HitmanPro

HitmanPro is a second opinion scanner, designed to rescue your computer from malware (viruses, trojans, rootkits, etc.) that have infected your computer despite all the security measures you have taken (such as anti virus software, firewalls, etc.).

1. You can download HitmanPro from the below link:
   HITMANPRO DOWNLOAD LINK (This link will open a web page from where you can download HitmanPro)
2. Double-click on the file named HitmanPro.exe (for 32-bit versions of Windows) or HitmanPro_x64.exe (for 64-bit versions of Windows). When the program starts you will be presented with the start screen as shown below.
   
   Click on the Next button, to install HitmanPro on your computer.
   
3. HitmanPro will now begin to scan your computer for PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A malicious files.
   
4. When it has finished it will display a list of all the malware that the program found as shown in the image below. Click on the Next button, to remove PUP.Optional.HomeTab.A adware.
   
5. Click on the Activate free license button to begin the free 30 days trial, and remove all the malicious files from your computer.
   

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HomeTab Adware Virus Removal

What is HomeTab?

HomeTab virus is a term used to describe a browser hijacker, which modifies computer users' Internet browser settings by assigning the homepage, new tab, and default search engine settings to search.hometab.com (or search.newhometab.com). This browser hijacker is distributed using free software downloads, and at time of research, the HomeTab browser add-on was 'bundled' with VLC, PDF Creator, Zapp!, and 1Zip downloads. Note that developers of these free programs have no connection with HomeTab. The browser plugin is distributed via customized 'download clients', which offer installation of the HomeTab add-on together with the bundled programs. The best way to avoid installation of potentially unwanted applications is to download free software directly from the developers' websites.
Internet users who use free software download websites are at risk of installing adware, since, today, most freeware download sites use 'download clients' (such as vitalia download manager, Somoto BetterInstaller, etc.) to promote dubious free browser plugins. Commonly, these promoted browser extensions lead to unwanted ads or browser redirect issues. Technically, HomeTab is not a virus or malware, however, it is categorized as adware or a potentially unwanted program (PUP). After successful installation, it causes browser redirects, unwanted ads, and may lead to serious privacy issues. For these reasons, you are advised to eliminate it from your Internet browser/s (Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, and Mozilla Firefox).

The HomeTab browser add-on is similar to other adware distributed using a deceptive software marketing method called 'bundling', including for example, Fast Address Bar, Smart Address Bar, Smart Suggestor amongst many others. These programs modify users' Internet browser settings and cause unwanted ads, and furthermore, install without the user's consent. To avoid installation of such adware, Internet users should express caution when downloading free software, particularly when using free software download websites. If your download is managed by a download client, opt-out out of installation of any promoted browser add-ons by clicking the 'decline' button. If your browser homepage has been changed to search.hometab.com or search.newhometab.com, use the removal instructions provided to eliminate the HomeTab adware from your computer.
Deceptive free software installers used in HomeTab adware distribution:


HomeTab adware installer:

Quick menu:

• What is HomeTab?
• STEP 1. Uninstall HomeTab application using Control Panel.
• STEP 2. Remove search.hometab.com redirect from Internet Explorer.
• STEP 3. Remove search.hometab.com browser hijacker from Google Chrome.
• STEP 4. Remove search.hometab.com homepage and default search engine from Mozilla Firefox.

HomeTab browser hijacker removal:

Windows 7 users:

Click "Start" ("Windows Logo" in the bottom left corner of your desktop), choose "Control Panel". Locate "Programs and Features."

Windows XP users:

Click "Start", choose "Settings" and click "Control Panel". Locate and click "Add or Remove Programs".
WIndows 8 users:

Right-click in the screen’s bottom-left corner, select Control Panel. In the opened window choose "Uninstall a Program".

In the uninstall programs window: look for "HomeTab", select this entry and click "Uninstall" or "Remove".
After uninstalling potentially unwanted programs (which cause browser redirects to the search.hometab.com website), scan your computer for any remaining unwanted components. To scan your computer, use recommended malware removal software. Remove all entries that this program detects to ensure your PC is clean from any possible spyware and malware infections.

Remover for HomeTab Adware

If you need assistance removing HomeTab Adware, give us a call 24/7:
1-800-681-6438

By downloading any software listed on this website you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms of Use. All the products we recommend were carefully tested and approved by our technicians as being one of the most effective solutions for removing this threat.

HP RAM Test

Testing The Memory Using The BIOS Memory Test

The Memory Test, built into the BIOS for HP notebook computers, tests the condition and integrity of the installed memory. Run the test to identify potential issues if the computer does not start or operate properly.

Perform a Memory test

To use the Memory Test in the BIOS, follow the steps below.

1. Turn off the computer and connect the AC adapter.
2. Press the Power button to start the computer and repeatedly press the f10 key to enter the BIOS setup window.
3. Use the Left Arrow and Right Arrow keys to select Diagnostics .
   
4. Use the Down Arrow and Up Arrow keys to select the Memory Test , and then press the enter key to begin the test.
   
5. Allow the memory test to run and make note of any reported errors. If there is an error, you can contact HP for support, and to purchase replacement parts.

The message, Memory test pass [OK] is displayed when the Memory Test is complete. Press the f10 key to exit the BIOS Setup window.

Finding information about your computer's memory

You can view information about the computer's memory and other hardware components by following these steps. The information is organized by operating system and can be accessed using built-in Windows tools, and special tools provided by HP or Compaq.

Use Windows System Information tool

For XP, Vista, and Windows 7

1. Click Start , All Programs , Accessories , System Tools , and System Information .
   
   Right-column : General information, including the Model Name , Processor , Operating System , BIOS version , and Memory .
   Left column : Detailed information on the installed components including the hard disc drive. To view the hard drive information, select Components , Storage and Drives .

Use My Computer Properties tool

For Vista and Windows 7

1. Click Start , Right-click Computer , and then select Properties .
   

The System windows display general information, including the Model Name , Processor , Operating System , and Memory , is displayed in the right panel. Computer , and then select Properties.

For Windows XP

1. Click Start , Right-click My Computer , and then select Properties .
   
   The System Properties windows display general information, including the Operating System , Processor , and Memory .

Use HP Help & Support Tools

Click the link to Download the latest HP Help and Support tools .

For Vista and Windows 7

1. Click Start , type assistant and select HP Support Assistant from the list.
2. In the HP Support Assistant, click Learn
   
   The Specifications panel, on the right-hand side, displays general information, including the Processor , Hard drive , and Memory .
3. Click More Information for Product Name, Product Number, and Serial Number information.
   
   This information is also displayed at the bottom of the window.

For Windows XP

Click Start , Help & Support , and then click My HP Computer .

The Memory Test, built into the BIOS for HP notebook computers, tests the condition and integrity of the installed memory. Run the test to identify potential issues if the computer does not start or operate properly.

ABCs of DVD Drive Abbreviations

The number of different formats available in DVD drives can be confusing to anyone in the market for one. The list is much longer, but to address a few of the common formats, we have DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM ,DVD+R DL and DVD±RW. Wow! This list of common formats is long enough, no wonder it’s confusing!
What’s with all the Formats?!
The reason for various recordable DVD formats is that no one group owns the technology and different Groups have chosen to support one technology over another. There is no industrial standard for manufacturers to reference, so for the time being consumers will have a few choices.

The first thing to address is DVD itself, which stands for Digital Versatile Disc. Some may argue that the V stands for Video, but with the capability to store video, audio, and data files, Versatile is definitely the keyword.
Start with the Basics
A DVD-ROM drive is the only one we will address that does not record. ROM stands for Read Only Memory, and refers to the typical drive that can merely read DVDs, as well as CDs (all DVD drives can read CDs). The Lite-On LTD-163-DO-R has attributes representative of your typical DVD-ROM drive, and features a maximum DVD read speed of 16x and a maximum CD read speed of 48x.Before getting into the different recordable formats, let’s address the basics of what the R and RW stand for, regardless of whether there is a + or – in the middle. R stands for Recordable, which indicates that the disk may be recorded to only once. RW stands for ReWritable, which indicates that the disc may be recorded to more than once, and are generally rated for 1000 rewrites under good conditions.
The DVD-R/-RW format was developed by Pioneer, and was the first format compatible with stand alone DVD players. The group that promotes the technology calls itself the DVD Forum, which is “an international association of hardware manufacturers, software firms, content providers, and other users” with notable members such as Hitachi, Samsung, and Toshiba. The DVD-R/-RW format is based on CD-RW technology and uses a similar approach to burning discs.


The DVD+R/+RW format is a newer format, also based on CD-RW technology, and compatible with a large percentage of stand alone DVD players. The +R/+RW technology is not supported by the DVD Forum, and its main backing comes from a group called the DVD+RW Alliance. The Alliance “is a voluntary group of industry-leading personal computing manufacturers, optical storage and electronics manufacturers” with members such as Dell, Hewlett Packard, Sony, and Phillips Electronics.


The DVD-RAM format is based on PD-RW (Phase-Differential) drives, and actually uses a cartridge to hold the media (just like its PD-RW predecessor). Some DVD-RAM cartridges are double sided, making them ideal for companies to use as system backup, hence DVD-RAM is usually found only in commercial applications, and most end-users won’t ever need to use or see this type of drive. The DVD-RAM standard is also supported by the DVD Forum just like the DVD-R/RW format. However, because of its use of a cartridge (limiting it’s compatibility), and the scarcity and price of the media used, DVD-RAM is a distant third when compared to the DVD+R/+RW and DVD-R/–RW technology.

The +R/+RW and –R/-RW formats are similar, and the main difference DVD+R technology has is the ability to record to multiple layers (with its new DVD+R DL format), where DVD-R can only record to one layer (not all +R drives are capable of dual layer burning, but no -R drives are). The Plextor PX-504U is an example of an external DVD+R/+RW drive capable of recording single layer discs in the +R/+RW format, but also able to read discs recorded by a DVD-R drive.


What is DVD±RW?

DVD±RW is not actually a separate format, but the designation given to drives capable of both –R/–RW and +R/+RW operation. This type of drive is typically called a “Dual Drive” (not to be confused with a “Double Layer” drive) since it can write to both the +R/+RW and –R/–RW formats. The Samsung TS-H552 is a DVD±RW drive capable of reading and writing every format discussed so far, and then some. It takes advantage of DVD+R DL (Double Layer) technology available with the +R format, allowing the appropriate media to store virtually double the 4.37 GB capacity of a typical single layer disc.

The other main thing to consider with DVD burners is selecting the correct media. Media for DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+R and DVD+RW media may all look the same, but they are slightly different in order to match the specific recording formats. The price of media for either format is generally the same, with RW media costing a good deal more than R media of either format. Double Layer media is even more expensive, and is the only way for an owner of DVD+R DL drive to take advantage of the tremendous capacity increase. As the amount of Double Layer drives increase in the market, the price of the DVD+R DL media is expected to fall with increased production of the media. DVD Burners (as these drive are often referred to) can be picky about the media supported, so be sure to choose your media wisely.
DVD in a Nutshell

    DVD-ROM : Reads DVD discs

    DVD+R : Writes to DVD+R media (will also typically write to CD-R and CD-RW media)

    DVD+RW : Writes to DVD+RW media (will also typically write to DVD+R, CD-R and CD-RW media)

    DVD+R DL : Writes to DVD+R DL (Double Layer) media (will also typically write to DVD+R, DVD+RW, CD-R and CD-RW media; many Double Layer drives are ALSO dual drives – that is, able to write to BOTH +R/RW and –R/RW media)

    DVD-RAM : Writes to DVD-RAM cartridges (not in wide use on consumer market – mainly a business format; can also read PD-RW discs. Will not usually be able to write to any other format including CD-R or CD-RW)

    DVD-R : Writes to DVD-R media (will also typically write to CD-R and CD-RW media)

    DVD-RW : Writes to DVD-RW media (will also typically write to DVD-R, CD-R and CD-RW media)

    DVD±RW : Writes to DVD-RW and DVD+RW media (will also typically write to DVD-R, DVD+R, CD-R and CD-RW media; typically called “Dual Drives” since it can burn to two different DVD formats)

Final Words

This article took a look at the more common formats of DVD drives in order to shed some light on all the choices available. The differences between them all may be subtle, but the compatibility issues can be quite frustrating. The simple answer to anyone considering a drive is to forget about + and – by themselves, and shoot for universal compatibility with a good DVD±RW with DVD+R DL support.



Tags: <Computers, DVD Drives>
Choosing a Computer Case
December 23, 2004 • Posted in Computers • Comment
In the past, computer cases were all very similar.  Clones of the same boring, beige box.  With all of the choices available today, this is no longer the ‘case’, and people can use their systems’ chassis as a means to express themselves and to set their system apart from the rest.  Although appearance may be a big one, it isn’t the only factor in the selection process and the following items should be considered when shopping for a new computer case.
1.  Form Factor
There are different sizes of motherboards, which in turn require different cases to house them.  Case form factors share the names of the motherboards they support, and some of the common ones include ATX, Micro ATX (mATX), FlexATX and Mini ITX.  ATX motherboards are perhaps the most common, and the largest of the four, measuring at most 12″ x 9.6″ (305mm x 244mm).  A Micro ATX board is at most 9.6″ x 9.6″ (244mm x 244mm), a FlexATX is 9.0″ x 7.5″ (229mm x 191mm) and a Mini ITX comes in at a tiny 6.7″ x 6.7″ (170mm x 170mm).  ATX and mATX are by far the most popular motherboard sizes for consumer motherboards, and hence, most cases are made to support one or both of these sizes.A mATX motherboard can obviously fit in a smaller enclosure than an ATX motherboard, and therefore there are different size cases available to match.  The larger cases are generally downward compatible with smaller form factor motherboards, but the opposite is not true.  For example, someone with this Amptron mATX motherboard could save a few inches and install it in this14.25″ tall mATX case, or pick something like this black ATX case that stands just a bit taller at 16.5″.Many branded systems (ones that you may buy prebuilt and with preinstalled software) are usually a combination of a standard form factor (such a mATX) with some type of proprietary design (usually in the front panel switches and cabling) and buying a new case for these types of motherboards can be tricky.  Some branded systems also use lesser used form factors such as NLX and LPX (which employ riser cards for the expansion slots) and finding replacement cases for these type of systems can be a very difficult and pricey endeavor.

A smaller system may be desirable where space is tight, but larger form factor cases provide more room for multiple drives and other peripherals, and a smaller motherboard may be better suited to a larger case in a system such as this.
2.  Size
Size may go along with form factor in many respects, but even while considering cases of the same form factor, there can be variations in size in a few respects.  Areas where size can vary are in overall dimensions, the number of exposed 5.25″ and 3.5″ bays, and the number of internal bays.ATX cases obviously need to be large enough to hold an ATX motherboard; some are just large enough, while others seem cavernous in comparison.  If a case needs to fit under a low shelf, or between items of a certain width, it is important to choose an appropriately sized case.  Cases come in two basic configurations when it comes to their size and shape, either desktop or tower.  Desktop cases are wider than they are tall and are oriented so the motherboard lays flat, while tower cases have the motherboard standing upright, and come in three basic heights.  mini tower, mid tower, and full tower.The number of exposed drive bays is generally in direct proportion to the overall size of the case. A higher number of exposed 5.25″ bays may be desirable for those with more than one DVD or CD drive, removable drive racks, and fan controllers.  Exposed 3.5″ bays are generally occupied by floppy drives, Zip drives, fan controllers, and things like this 9-in-1 Card Reader, and in most cases you may get one or two of these bays, maximum.  This case is very similar in appearance to this other one, but they have one difference that may prove to be a huge factor.  They both have four exposed 5.25″ bays, but one has two exposed 3.5″ bays while the other only has one.  If a user had a floppy drive and the 9-in-1 card reader, they would either have to choose to install only one, or use an adaptor and take up one of their 5.25″ bays.

Internal bays are generally reserved for hard drives, and systems with multiple drives require the necessary space.
3.  Cooling

Cooling is a critical feature to consider when selecting a computer case.  High end systems can generate a good deal of heat, and the case needs to be adequately cooled to keep the system running and stable.

The basic configuration for case cooling involves having one intake fan on the lower portion of the front surface, and one exhaust fan higher up on the rear surface.  This allows cooler air to be drawn in, passed over the various heat generating components, and exhausted out the back.  There are many other cooling configurations available that may provide improvements in terms of cooling performance and noise.

One way to decrease noise, and perhaps move more air, is for a case to use 120mm (4″) fans instead of the usual 80mm (3″) fans, as larger fans don’t need to spin as fast to push the same volume of air.  This A-Top Z-Alien utilizes a 120mm exhaust fan that also features another key feature to good cooling.  The fan grill is very open, meaning that there will be minimal resistance to air flow and reduced noise as the air rushes past it.  Many fan grills are made from perforating the case’s sheet metal, and they do not provide enough open area for good airflow.

Another approach to better cooling is to throw more fans at the heat.  This Matrix case adds another fan to the side panel which will draw cool air in right on top of the processor and video card, two of the hotter items in a system.  Other cases will add an exhaust fan to the top of the case, which pushes the heat out just like a chimney.

No matter the approach, cooling is one area that needs close consideration when it comes to cases intended for today’s high powered systems.
4.  Installation Features

Installing a system into a case can be a time consuming affair, which can become annoying to those who find themselves in a continuous cycle of upgrading.  Many cases now include convenient features to make installation much simpler, and far less time consuming

Some of these convenient installation features include a removable motherboard tray, removable drive cages, tool-less expansion card mounts, tool-less side panels, and tool-less drive rail systems.  Being able to remove the motherboard tray and drive cage makes it easier to work on those specific areas in the open, and having a tool-less system for mounting drives or cards means there is no need for screws or a screw driver.  Definitely time savers!

Although the listing on the Computer Geeks site does not specify it, this X-Blade ATX case features both a removable drive cage and tool-less drive rail system, according to this review.
5.  Convenience Items

It is not enough for a case to house a computer system any more, it now needs to multi-task.  Having regularly used connections on the front or top of the case is one common convenience feature that many people look for.  Cases such as this A-Top Z-Alien model let users forget about the annoyance of reaching around the back of their case to plug things in, as USB, Firewire, headphone and microphone jacks are located on the top.

Other cases are available that take convenience to another level by including clocks, digital thermometers that monitor specific components, and fan controllers to help maintain a healthy balance between noise and cooling performance.
6.  Style

A few years ago cases only came in one color and one basic style. plain beige boxes.  If you’re nostalgic for the olden days of computer cases, Computer Geeks still has one for sale in this style, the KG-200.  But cases now come in styles from mild to wild, and in a whole rainbow of colors.  Some have large windows in the side panel to show off the case’s insides, some include special lighting effects, and some have appearances that might scare the kids.  At this point there seems to be few limits in case design, but there are always classically styled cases in updated color schemes for those who want something modern looking, but nothing too intense.
7.  Power Supply
Many cases are sold with a power supply included, but this power supply might not be the correct one for the system to be installed inside of it.  An adequate power supply needs to be chosen to meet the demands of the system, and this may very well mean buying an additional power supply to replace the one included, or selecting a different case with a more appropriately sized power supply.For example, someone may decide their high end gaming system would go well in this black ATX case, but the included 300W power supply may not be strong enough for a top notch graphics card, multiple drives, water cooling, and other power hungry peripherals that might be installed.
Final Words
There are many factors that go into selecting an adequate case for a computer system, including the seven mentioned above.  What may wind up being the most important factor was not discussed, but can hopefully be addressed by balancing the importance of these factors. price.  Computer cases can cost anywhere from several dollars to several hundred dollars, meaning that a tight budget may decide which of the other features is really all that important.